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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Human viruses: An ever-increasing list.

Mei He1, Cheng-Qiang He1, Nai-Zheng Ding1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review identifies human viruses and their roles in disease, emphasizing preventable viral threats. It highlights emerging and zoonotic viruses impacting public health and socioeconomic stability.

Keywords:
ArbovirusHuman virus speciesPreventionViral diseaseZoonotic

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Viral diseases, like yellow fever, have long impacted human health.
  • Emerging and re-emerging viral infections pose significant global health and socioeconomic challenges.
  • Recent advances in metagenomics reveal novel human viruses with unknown health implications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the number of human viruses discovered.
  • To determine which identified viruses are etiological agents of human diseases.
  • To highlight viruses posing significant public health threats, referencing WHO Fact Sheets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data on human viruses.
  • Analysis of metagenomic studies identifying novel human viruses.
  • Cross-referencing findings with World Health Organization (WHO) public health threat lists.

Main Results:

  • The review addresses the number of identified human viruses and their pathogenic roles.
  • It distinguishes between endemic, emerging, and novel viruses.
  • Key viruses with significant public health implications are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the landscape of human viruses is crucial for public health preparedness.
  • Many viral infections are preventable through appropriate public health measures.
  • Continued surveillance and research are essential to manage viral threats.