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Evolution of sexual systems and regressive evolution in Riccia.

Jonathan Levins1,2, Łukasz Paukszto3, Katarzyna Krawczyk3

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.

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|February 10, 2025
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Summary

The study reveals that the Riccia genus, a type of liverwort, evolved from separate sexes (dioicy) to combined sexes (monoicy) multiple times, alongside a reduction in reproductive structures. This adaptation aids survival in extreme environments.

Keywords:
Ricciadioicousliverwortmonoicousregressive evolutionsex chromosomesex determination

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Area of Science:

  • Plant evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Bryophyte diversity

Background:

  • The genus Riccia, part of the Marchantiopsida (complex thalloid liverworts), is highly speciose.
  • Most Riccia species are monoicous, unlike the predicted ancestral liverwort and most extant liverworts which are dioicous.
  • Riccia exhibits regressive evolution in both gametophyte and sporophyte generations, impacting spore dispersal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolution of sexual systems in Riccia.
  • To investigate genomic signatures of regressive evolution within the genus.
  • To understand the evolutionary relationship between sexual systems and reductive morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Genome analysis of two Riccia species.
  • Transcriptome analysis of two additional Riccia species.
  • Phylogenetic reconstructions to infer evolutionary transitions.

Main Results:

  • Genomic data indicate an initial transition from dioicy to monoicy at the Riccia clade's base.
  • Evidence of subsequent reversions to dioicy, including the evolution of a new sex chromosome, followed by further shifts to monoicy.
  • Significant loss of transcription factors involved in sporophyte and gametophyte development was observed.
  • Independent evolution of monoicy and reductive morphology in Riccia and its sister genus Ricciocarpos.

Conclusions:

  • Riccia's sexual system evolution is complex, involving multiple transitions between dioicy and monoicy.
  • Regressive evolution in Riccia, particularly in sporophyte morphology, facilitates adaptation to extreme habitats.
  • The reductive morphology may have specialized Riccia to these environments, potentially limiting broader colonization.