Digital pathology and artificial intelligence in renal cell carcinoma focusing on feature extraction: a literature...

The integrated application of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital pathology (DP) technology has opened new avenues for advancements in oncology and molecular pathology. Consequently, studies in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have emerged, highlighting potential in histological subtype classification, molecular aberration identification, and outcome prediction by extracting high-throughput features. However, reviews of these studies are still rare. To address this gap, we conducted a thorough literature review on DP and AI applications in RCC through database searches. Notably, we found that AI models based on deep learning achieved area under the curve (AUC) of over 0.93 in subtype classification, 0.89-0.96 in grading of clear cell RCC, 0.70-0,89 in molecular prediction, and over 0.78 in survival prediction. This review finally discussed the current state of researches and potential future directions.