Spatial and temporal variability of movements among sympatric salmonids in an unfragmented inland watershed

We determined the movement patterns of three abundant salmonids-Brown Trout (Salmo trutta), Mountain Whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)-in the Smith River watershed of Montana. We tagged 7,172 fish with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, monitored their movements past 15 stationary PIT arrays over four years, and located tagged fish between arrays by conducting mobile surveys. Movement patterns varied seasonally, among species, and among locations. Movement was greatest in the middle portion of the watershed, which included a pristine main-stem canyon and lower reaches of major tributaries. Fish rarely left the canyon, but movement into the canyon from other regions was common. Mountain Whitefish were most likely to move, and Brown Trout were least likely to move. Most fish travelled < 10 km, but some fish travelled over 100 km. Distinct movement patterns were not evident; rather, a continuous spectrum of movement behaviors was apparent. Movements by Mountain Whitefish and Rainbow Trout increased during their spawning periods. Movements peaked when mean daily water temperatures were between 11.3-17.1°C. Movements were diverse and probably contributed to metapopulation dynamics, population resiliency, and species diversity. Fish movements along stream networks connect populations across diverse landscapes, and therefore protecting and restoring stream connectivity along inland streams such as the Smith River is critical to maintaining productive fish assemblages.