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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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What are Second Messengers?01:12

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Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2025

Extraction and Quantification of Soluble, Radiolabeled Inositol Polyphosphates from Different Plant Species using SAX-HPLC
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Extraction and Quantification of Soluble, Radiolabeled Inositol Polyphosphates from Different Plant Species using SAX-HPLC

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Plant PI-PLC signaling in stress and development.

Ana M Laxalt1, Max van Hooren2, Teun Munnik2

  • 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, IIB-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina.

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Plant phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) signaling differs from animals, primarily using PIP and producing distinct plant second messengers. This pathway

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Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Last Updated: May 28, 2025

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Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation
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Identification of Inositol Phosphate or Phosphoinositide Interacting Proteins by Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Western Blot or Mass Spectrometry
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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Lipid signaling pathways
  • Cellular signaling

Background:

  • Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) signaling regulates crucial plant processes like stress responses and development.
  • While sharing some similarities with animal pathways, plant PI-PLC signaling exhibits unique characteristics.
  • Key differences include substrate preference (PIP vs. PIP2) and the nature of second messengers produced (inositolpolyphosphates and phosphatidic acid in plants).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the distinct mechanisms of PI-PLC signaling in plants compared to animals.
  • To highlight the evolutionary divergence of plant PLC signaling pathways.
  • To underscore the potential of emerging technologies for advancing research in this field.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of PI-PLC pathway components across plant and animal kingdoms.
  • Genomic sequencing to identify plant-specific PLC enzyme families and related signaling molecules.
  • Review of existing literature on plant PI-PLC substrate specificity and second messenger production.

Main Results:

  • Plant PI-PLCs predominantly utilize phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) as a substrate, unlike animal counterparts that primarily use PIP.
  • Plant signaling produces inositolpolyphosphates and phosphatidic acid (PA) as key second messengers, distinct from animal IP3 and DAG.
  • Plant genomes lack homologs for animal PLC pathway components such as IP3-gated Ca2+ channels and PKC, indicating divergent evolution.
  • Plant PLC enzymes show resemblance to the animal PLCζ subfamily, lacking a PH domain crucial for PIP2 binding.

Conclusions:

  • Plant PI-PLC signaling represents a significantly diverged pathway from its animal counterpart, adapted to unique plant cellular requirements.
  • The distinct substrate and second messenger repertoire suggests specialized roles in plant physiology.
  • Advancements in molecular biology, data analysis, and imaging are poised to accelerate discoveries in plant PLC signaling.