[The medical transformation by 'Fang-Shu' in the Qin and Han Dynasties]

The term 'Fang-Shu' (Calculation and Arts) broke the monopoly of early witchcraft in the Spring-Autumn Warring Period (AD770-AD221) and was widely spread by the regime. It was developed into a theory to understand universe, nature and social phenomena in the Qin and Han Dynasty. It, then, gradually influenced theoretical construction in almost all fields, including medicine. It was found that 'Fang-Shu' altered medicine in terms of the human body, cognition of diseases, drugs, etiology and pathogenesis. This was seen in the materials in the Spring-Autumn Warring Period, based on the newly unearthed documents such as Tianhuai Medical Bamboo Slips and Wan Wu, the Han Dynasty Bamboo Slips in Fuyang, and the medicine classics like the Inner Canon (Nei Jing) and the Divine Husbandman's Classic of Materia Medica (Shen Nong Ben Cao). 'Fang-Shu' theory continued to develop until the East Han Dynasty.