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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Updated: May 7, 2026

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation
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Anti-HSV-1 agents: an update.

Wenwen Lv1, Lei Zhou1, Jia Wu2

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New antiviral therapies are crucial for combating drug-resistant Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections, as current treatments face challenges. This review summarizes 60 years of HSV-1 antiviral research and future directions.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes significant human diseases like keratitis, labialis, and encephalitis.
  • HSV-1 establishes lifelong latency in neurons, leading to recurrent infections.
  • Current treatments for HSV-1 infections include nucleotide analogs and helicase-primase inhibitors, but drug resistance is a growing concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of anti-HSV-1 agents developed over the past 60 years.
  • To highlight the challenges posed by drug resistance in HSV-1 treatment.
  • To discuss future perspectives for controlling HSV-1 infections.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on anti-HSV-1 agents.
  • Analysis of historical data on drug development and resistance patterns.
  • Synthesis of current research trends and future therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in developing antiviral drugs against HSV-1.
  • Drug resistance remains a major obstacle in managing HSV-1 infections.
  • Novel therapeutic approaches are under investigation to overcome resistance.

Conclusions:

  • The development of new anti-HSV-1 compounds and therapies is essential to address the issue of drug resistance.
  • Continued research is vital for discovering effective treatments for HSV-1 infections.
  • A multi-faceted approach combining novel drug development and therapeutic strategies is needed for future control.