In silico modelling of organ-on-a-chip devices: an overview

An organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) is a microscale device designed to mimic the functions and complexity of in vivo human physiology. Different from traditional culture systems, OOACs are capable of replicating the biochemical microenvironment, tissue-tissue interactions, and mechanical dynamics of organs thanks to the precise control offered by microfluidic technology. Diverse OOAC devices specific to different organs have been proposed for experimental research and applications such as disease modelling, personalized medicine and drug screening. Previous studies have demonstrated that the mathematical modelling of OOAC can facilitate the optimization of chips' microenvironments, serving as an essential tool to design and improve microdevices which allow reproducible growth of cell culture, reducing the time and cost of experimental testing. Here, we review recent modelling approaches for various OOAC devices, categorized according to the type of organs. We discuss the opportunities for integrating multiphysics with multicellular computational models to better characterize and predict cell culture dynamics. Additionally, we explore how developing more detailed OOAC models would support a more rapid and effective development of microdevices, and the design of robust protocols to grow and control cell cultures.