Neuronal mechanisms enhancing selectivity of the innate number sense via learning

In their feature article, Lorenzi et al. (2025) compiled extensive biological evidence on the ontogenetic origins of the number sense. Drawing on both behavioral and neurobiological data, they convincingly argue that the "number sense" is fundamentally innate and present from birth in numerically competent animals, including humans. At the same time, the authors acknowledge the role of learning and experience in shaping numerical cognition. This commentary builds on the idea of learning-induced changes to the number sense, extending the concept of an innate number sense to one that is modifiable through learning and experience. It summarizes evidence from single-neuron recordings and proposes neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these learning-induced changes in numerical cognition.