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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Reporter Genes02:11

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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...
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Regulation of Bacterial Virulence01:28

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence

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Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
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Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
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Hepatitis B virus genes and their expression in E. coli.

M Pasek, T Goto, W Gilbert

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    |December 6, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers sequenced hepatitis B virus DNA, identifying genes for surface and core antigens. The core antigen, a DNA-binding protein, was expressed in E. coli, producing antibodies in rabbits against human core antigen.

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    Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

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    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant human pathogen.
    • Understanding HBV gene structure is crucial for developing diagnostics and therapeutics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the DNA sequence of key hepatitis B virus regions.
    • To characterize the hepatitis B virus core antigen.
    • To assess the immunogenicity of the expressed core antigen.

    Main Methods:

    • Composite DNA sequencing of recombinant plasmids containing HBV regions.
    • Expression of the core antigen gene in Escherichia coli.
    • Antibody induction in rabbits via injection of bacterial core antigen product.

    Main Results:

    • The DNA sequence revealed genes for both surface and core antigens.
    • The core antigen was identified as a DNA-binding protein.
    • Antibodies generated against the bacterial core antigen product cross-reacted with human-derived core antigen.

    Conclusions:

    • The study elucidated the genetic organization of critical HBV antigens.
    • The hepatitis B virus core antigen possesses DNA-binding capabilities.
    • Recombinant core antigen can elicit an immune response, suggesting potential for diagnostic or vaccine development.