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Analogical reasoning in first and second languages.

Miki Ikuta¹, Koji Miwa²

¹Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

|February 11, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Analogical reasoning is more accurate and faster in a first language (L1) than a second language (L2). Educators should provide L2 learners with more time and explicit instruction for understanding word relationships in analogies.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Second Language Acquisition
Linguistics

Background:

Analogical reasoning is a key cognitive skill.
Understanding how linguistic factors influence analogical reasoning in first (L1) and second languages (L2) is crucial for effective learning.
Previous research has not fully explored the impact of language proficiency on processing perceptual and relational similarities in analogies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of linguistic predictors (word frequency, problem difficulty, creativity, category) on analogical reasoning in L1 and L2.
To examine how perceptual and relational similarities are processed differently across L1 and L2.
To provide insights for optimizing educational strategies for L2 learners in analogy tasks.

Main Methods:

100 multiple-choice A:B::C:D analogy problems were administered to Japanese participants in their L1 (Japanese) and L2 (English).
Participants rated problem difficulty and creativity.
Response times and accuracy were recorded for each language condition.

Main Results:

Higher accuracy and faster response times were observed for analogy problems presented in L1 compared to L2.
A significant interaction between language (L1/L2) and problem category indicated greater difficulty in identifying perceptual similarities in L2.
Relational processing occurred spontaneously in L1 but required significant cognitive effort in L2, likely due to lexical processing demands.

Conclusions:

Linguistic and cognitive demands of L2 processing impede analogical reasoning compared to L1.
Perceptual similarity identification is more challenging in L2 than L1.
Educational interventions should include extended time and explicit instruction on relational understanding for L2 learners to improve analogical reasoning skills.