Role of phosphate-modified cellulose into the scaffold based on poly (glycerol azelaic acid)-co-poly(ε-caprolactone)...

Advancements in bone tissue engineering critically depend on the development of specialized scaffolds that promote effective bone regeneration. This study introduces innovative scaffolds composed of poly (glycerol azelaic acid) (PGAz) and poly (caprolactone) (PCL), enhanced with varying concentrations of phosphate modified cellulose (PMC) nanofibers. Utilizing citric acid as a green cross-linker enhances the eco-friendliness and biocompatibility of these scaffolds. The molecular structures were verified using Hydrogen ¹H NMR and Carbon ¹³CNMR spectroscopy. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy confirmed successful integration of vital phosphate groups for biological functionality. Morphological and compositional analysis through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping revealed homogeneous phosphate distribution and increased porosity across the scaffolds. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) demonstrated that higher PMC concentrations improve thermal stability, enhancing scaffold resilience. Mechanical testing showed that scaffolds with 5 % PMC provide an optimal balance of compressive strength, compressive modulus, and compressive strain, suitable for bone tissue engineering. Dynamic water contact angle studies highlighted significant hydrophilic enhancements, crucial for cell attachment and proliferation. Hydrolytic degradation tests indicated that increased PMC accelerates degradation rates, aligning with tissue regeneration timelines. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and MTT assays, along with FESEM imaging of L929 mouse fibroblast cells cultured on the scaffolds, confirmed biocompatibility and cellular proliferation, particularly with 5 % PMC. These findings underscore the potential of PGAz-co-PCL scaffolds in advancing bone tissue regeneration through superior mechanical, thermal, and biological properties.