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Updated: May 28, 2025

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
Published on: November 15, 2013
Particle swarm optimization based analysis to unlocking the neutrino mass puzzle using [Formula: see text] flavor
Muhammad Waheed Aslam1, Abrar Ahmad Zafar1, Muhammad Naeem Aslam2
1Department of Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Abstract:
New research has highlighted a shortfall in the Standard Model (SM) because it predicts neutrinos to have zero mass. However, recent experiments on neutrino oscillation have revealed that the majority of neutrino parameters indeed indicate their significant mass. In response, scientists are increasingly incorporating discrete symmetries alongside continuous ones for the observed patterns of neutrino mixing. In this study, we have examined a model within [Formula: see text] symmetry to estimate the neutrino masses using particle swarm optimization technique for both mass hierarchy of neutrino. This model employed a hybrid seesaw mechanism, a combination of seesaw mechanism of type-I and type-II, to establish the effective Majorana neutrino mass matrix. After calculating the mass eigenvalues and lepton mixing matrix upto second order perturbation theory in this framework, this study seeks to investigate the scalar potential for vacuum expectation values (VEVs), optimize the parameters, [Formula: see text] matrix, neutrino masses: [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] effective neutrino mass parameters: [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] are predicted for both mass hierarchy through particle swarm optimization (PSO), showing strong agreement with recent experimental findings. The Dirac CP-violating phase δ is measured to be [Formula: see text].
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