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Area of Science:

  • Marine biology
  • Conservation science
  • Tourism economics

Background:

  • Marine and coastal tourism offer significant economic benefits, often exceeding those from fisheries.
  • Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are known to enhance biodiversity and fisheries, but their direct tourism economic impacts are not fully understood.
  • Recreational scuba diving is a major marine tourism activity with substantial economic implications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate global demand for recreational scuba dive tourism.
  • To map the global distribution and protection status of marine dive sites.
  • To model the economic gains from upgrading unprotected dive sites to fully protected MPAs.

Main Methods:

  • Global estimation of recreational scuba dive tourism demand.
  • Mapping of marine dive sites and their protection status worldwide.
  • Development of a bioeconomic model to assess revenue from MPA designation.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 33.1 million scuba dives occur globally each year, with 70% within MPAs.
  • Only 15% of dive sites within MPAs are highly or fully protected.
  • Designating all unprotected dive sites as MPAs could generate an additional US$2 billion annually in direct tourism revenue.

Conclusions:

  • Expanding MPAs to include all unprotected dive sites offers a significant opportunity to enhance marine conservation and boost economies.
  • This strategy would improve fish biomass and biodiversity.
  • Dive tourism revenue potential is substantial, particularly for developing countries where 62% of diving occurs, supporting both conservation and local livelihoods.