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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...

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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...

Neurulation

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Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function

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Primary sulci formation in human cerebral cortex development.

Miyu Kumagai¹, Toru Kanahashi¹, Jun Matsubayashi²

¹Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)

|February 12, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Early human brain sulcal formation occurs before 15 weeks of gestation, with key sulci appearing earlier than previously thought. This high-resolution MRI study reveals crucial timing for prenatal diagnosis and neurodevelopmental research.

Keywords:

human cerebral cortex magnetic resonance imaging primary sulci formation

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Radiology

Background:

Human cerebral sulcal formation is critical for cognitive function.
Understanding the precise timing and development of these structures is essential for identifying neurodevelopmental abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the precise timing of initial human cerebral sulcal formation.
To characterize the morphologic and morphometric features of early developing sulci.
To establish a basis for improved prenatal diagnosis and neurodevelopmental disorder research.

Main Methods:

Utilized high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on 33 fetal samples (11-16 weeks gestation).
Employed 3D reconstructions to meticulously map cerebral surface and internal structures, identifying and comparing sulci across samples.
Established accurate detection timings for various sulci based on crown-rump length (CRL).

Main Results:

Identified initial sulcal formation earlier than previously reported: <12 weeks for callosal, <13 weeks for hippocampal/calcarine/parieto-occipital, and <15 weeks for lateral sulci.
Observed linear increases in length and depth of most sulci with CRL, with some exceptions.
Suggested that sulci may form simultaneously over a distance rather than gradually elongating.

Conclusions:

Established accurate timing for early human cerebral sulcal development using high-resolution MRI.
Findings provide a critical reference for prenatal screening and understanding the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders.
The study highlights the potential of advanced imaging techniques in early developmental neuroscience.