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Otolaryngologic Side Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Faizaan I Khan1, Sebastian Guadarrama-Sistos Vazquez1,2, Zain Mehdi2
1Texas A&M School of Engineering Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
The Laryngoscope
|February 12, 2025
Summary
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) drugs are linked to otolaryngologic side effects like GERD and thyroid cancer. Semaglutide and liraglutide showed significant signals for various adverse events, warranting monitoring.
Area of Science:
- Otolaryngology
- Pharmacovigilance
- Endocrinology
Background:
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) drugs are increasingly prescribed for weight loss and diabetes.
- Concerns exist regarding potential otolaryngologic adverse events (AEs) associated with GLP-1 RA use.
- A comprehensive assessment of these AEs is crucial for patient safety.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the frequency and significance of otolaryngologic adverse events (AEs) linked to GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) medications.
- To identify specific GLP-1 RAs and AEs that warrant closer monitoring.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of the Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.
- Inclusion of data for exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide from drug approval until end of 2023.
- Calculation of Reporting Odds Ratios (ROR) and Proportional Reporting Ratios (PRR) to identify significant AE signals.
Main Results:
- A total of 9,746 AEs were reported across all studied GLP-1 RAs.
- Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) demonstrated the highest significant signals across nearly all medications.
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) also showed high, significant signals for all assessed drugs. Semaglutide and liraglutide were associated with significant signals for multiple otolaryngologic AEs, including Bell's palsy and dysgeusia.
Conclusions:
- GLP-1 RAs are associated with a range of otolaryngologic adverse events.
- Significant signals for GERD, MTC, and PTC were observed across all evaluated GLP-1 RAs.
- Semaglutide and liraglutide exhibited notable associations with specific otolaryngologic AEs, underscoring the need for vigilant monitoring.
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