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Related Concept Videos

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2025

Assessment of Calcium Sparks in Intact Skeletal Muscle Fibers
11:22

Assessment of Calcium Sparks in Intact Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Published on: February 24, 2014

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Calcium Supplementation- Efficacy and Safety.

Ian R Reid1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. i.reid@auckland.ac.nz.

Current Osteoporosis Reports
|February 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcium supplements do not prevent fractures in adults and may increase risks of gastrointestinal issues, kidney stones, and cardiovascular events. Their role in osteoporosis treatment is limited.

Keywords:
Bone mineral densityCardiovascular diseaseFractureMendelian randomizationMyocardial infarctionOsteoporosisRenal calculi

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Area of Science:

  • Bone health and osteoporosis research
  • Cardiovascular risk assessment
  • Nutritional supplement efficacy

Background:

  • Osteoporosis is a significant public health concern, with calcium supplementation historically recommended for fracture prevention.
  • Emerging evidence questions the efficacy and safety of calcium supplements, particularly regarding cardiovascular outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of calcium supplements in preventing fractures.
  • To review the adverse effects of calcium supplements, focusing on cardiovascular health.
  • To determine the current role of calcium supplements in osteoporosis management.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of trial evidence on calcium supplements and fracture prevention.
  • Meta-analysis of adverse events from clinical trials, including myocardial infarction (MI) risk.
  • Analysis of Mendelian randomization studies on circulating calcium levels and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Main Results:

  • Calcium supplements do not prevent fractures in community-dwelling adults.
  • Common side effects include gastrointestinal issues and renal calculi; MI risk may increase by 10-20%.
  • Acute calcium intake elevates blood coagulability, calcification propensity, and blood pressure, potentially increasing CVD risk.

Conclusions:

  • Calcium supplements have a limited role in preventing or treating osteoporosis, as other treatments like estrogen and bisphosphonates are effective without co-administration.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the potential benefits of calcium with anabolic bone medicines.
  • The cardiovascular risks associated with calcium supplements warrant careful consideration.