Multiscale Mathematical Modeling in Systems Biology: A Framework to Boost Plant Synthetic Biology

Global food insecurity and environmental degradation highlight the urgent need for more sustainable agricultural solutions. Plant synthetic biology emerges as a promising yet risky avenue to develop such solutions. While synthetic biology offers the potential for enhanced crop traits, it also entails risks of extensive environmental damage. This review highlights the complexities and risks associated with plant synthetic biology, while presenting the potential of multiscale mathematical modeling to assess and mitigate those risks effectively. Despite its potential, applying multiscale mathematical models in plants remains underutilized. Here, we advocate for integrating technological advancements in agricultural data analysis to develop a comprehensive understanding of crops across biological scales. By reviewing common modeling approaches and methodologies applicable to plants, the paper establishes a foundation for creating and utilizing integrated multiscale mathematical models. Through modeling techniques such as parameter estimation, bifurcation analysis, and sensitivity analysis, researchers can identify mutational targets and anticipate pleiotropic effects, thereby enhancing the safety of genetically engineered species. To demonstrate the potential of this approach, ongoing efforts are highlighted to develop an integrated multiscale mathematical model for maize (Zea mays L.), engineered through synthetic biology to enhance resilience against Striga (Striga spp.) and drought.