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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping
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Hybrid Reliable Clustering Algorithm with Heterogeneous Traffic Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks.

Sreenu Naik Bhukya1,2, Chandra Sekhara Rao Annavarapu2

  • 1Department of Computer Science and Engaging, National Institute of Technology Calicut, NIT Campus P.O., Kozhikode 673 601, Kerala, India.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new Hybrid Trust-based Congestion-aware Cluster Routing (HTCCR) protocol enhances wireless sensor network security and efficiency. It reduces delay and packet loss while improving throughput and detection rates for a more robust network.

Keywords:
Enhanced Gravitational Search Algorithm (EGSA)K-Harmonic Means (KHM)congestionpriority-based data deliverytrustwireless sensor networks (WSNs)

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Network Engineering
  • Cybersecurity

Background:

  • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) face significant challenges including congestion, security threats, and inefficient clustering.
  • Existing congestion control algorithms often neglect security aspects and fail to address network congestion effectively.
  • The integration of trust mechanisms and clustering schemes is crucial for WSN performance and security.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a Hybrid Trust-based Congestion-aware Cluster Routing (HTCCR) protocol for WSNs.
  • To enhance security by detecting attacker nodes and mitigate congestion through optimized routing.
  • To improve overall network performance metrics such as delay, throughput, and packet delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the HTCCR protocol integrating trust factors, congestion status, residual energy, and distance to mobile base station.
  • Utilized a hybrid K-Harmonic Means (KHM) and Enhanced Gravitational Search Algorithm (EGSA) for node probability determination.
  • Implemented priority-based data delivery and optimal cluster head selection for efficient data forwarding.

Main Results:

  • HTCCR demonstrated superior performance over TBSEER, CTRF, and TAGA protocols in simulations.
  • Achieved significant reductions in average delay (up to 2.5x), packet loss ratio (up to 2.2x), and energy consumption (up to 2.9x).
  • Showcased improvements in packet delivery ratio (up to 14.5%), throughput (up to 30.7%), and detection ratio (up to 18.1%).

Conclusions:

  • The HTCCR protocol effectively addresses WSN challenges by balancing congestion control and security.
  • The proposed hybrid approach optimizes routing and enhances network resilience against attacks.
  • HTCCR offers a significant performance improvement, making it a promising solution for advanced WSN applications.