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Does biofluorescence enhance visual signals in birds-of-paradise?

Rene P Martin^1,2, Emily M Carr^2,3, John S Sparks²

¹School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.

Royal Society Open Science

|February 13, 2025

Summary

Birds-of-paradise utilize biofluorescence, a glowing visual signal, in their elaborate mating displays. This study confirms biofluorescence in most species, suggesting its role in communication and social signaling.

Keywords:

Paradisaeidae biofluorescence sexual selection

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Area of Science:

Ornithology
Animal behavior
Biofluorescence

Background:

Visual signals are crucial for animal behavior, especially in birds for reproduction.
Biofluorescence is an emerging visual cue in animal communication, with increasing research focus.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presence and distribution of biofluorescence across all 45 species of birds-of-paradise (Paradisaeidae).
To determine the potential function of biofluorescence in the reproductive and social behaviors of these birds.

Main Methods:

Systematic examination of biofluorescence in 45 bird-of-paradise species.
Analysis of biofluorescent regions in both male and female plumage and skin.
Spectroscopic measurement of emitted biofluorescent wavelengths.

Main Results:

Biofluorescence was detected in all core birds-of-paradise (37 species), but not in the sister genera Lycocorax, Manucodia, and Phonygammus.
In males, biofluorescence was observed on plumage and skin (mouth, bill, feathers) used in displays; in females, it was mainly on chest and belly plumage.
Emitted wavelengths were green to green-yellow, peaking around 520 and 560 nm.

Conclusions:

Biofluorescence is widespread in core birds-of-paradise, particularly in males.
The findings support the hypothesis that males use biofluorescence to enhance visual communication during mating and social interactions.