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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

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Updated: May 28, 2025

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

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Thrifting iridium for hydrogen.

Andrew D Pendergast^1,2,3, Shannon W Boettcher^1,2,3,4

¹Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|February 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Stable water electrolysis is achieved by anchoring catalysts onto a specially engineered oxide support. This innovation enhances catalyst stability for efficient hydrogen production.

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Area of Science:

Catalysis
Materials Science
Electrochemistry

Background:

Water electrolysis is a key technology for sustainable hydrogen production.
Catalyst stability remains a significant challenge, limiting the efficiency and longevity of electrolyzers.
Developing robust catalyst-support interactions is crucial for overcoming degradation issues.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer an oxide support for anchoring catalysts.
To improve the stability of catalysts during water electrolysis.
To demonstrate enhanced performance in water electrolysis through catalyst anchoring.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of an engineered oxide support material.
Immobilization of active electrocatalysts onto the oxide support.
Electrochemical characterization of the catalyst-supported system under water electrolysis conditions.

Main Results:

The engineered oxide support successfully anchored the catalysts, preventing their detachment.
Anchored catalysts exhibited significantly improved stability compared to unsupported counterparts.
The system demonstrated sustained high catalytic activity for water electrolysis over extended periods.

Conclusions:

Anchoring catalysts on engineered oxide supports is an effective strategy for enhancing stability in water electrolysis.
This approach offers a promising pathway for developing durable and efficient electrocatalytic systems.
The findings contribute to advancing technologies for green hydrogen generation.