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Aquatic Xylaria: an exotic fungus introduced into the United States on aquarium decorative wood

  • 0Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108.
Mycologia +

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February 13, 2025

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February 13, 2025

View abstract on PubMed

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel fungus, Xylaria apoda, was discovered growing submerged in freshwater aquariums in the US, originating from Asia. This finding highlights the ecological versatility of this fungus and potential pathways for exotic species introduction.

Area Of Science

  • Mycology
  • Aquatic Mycology
  • Fungal Ecology

Background

  • Fungi with Xylaria-like morphology were observed on submerged decorative wood in freshwater aquariums.
  • The wood, sourced from Asia, was sold in US retail stores.
  • The fungus exhibited black, melanized structures with white tips growing from the wood.

Purpose Of The Study

  • To identify the fungus found on submerged aquarium wood.
  • To investigate the ecological adaptability of Xylaria species.
  • To document the presence of non-native fungi in artificial aquatic environments.

Main Methods

  • Fungal cultures were established from wood and fungal structures using malt extract agar with antibiotics.
  • DNA was extracted, and the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region was amplified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • Sequences were analyzed using BLASTn against the NCBI database, and phylogenetic analysis was performed.

Main Results

  • All isolates from Minnesota and Colorado aquariums were identified as Xylaria apoda.
  • This represents the first report of Xylaria apoda in the United States.
  • Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the aquarium isolates cluster within the Xylaria apoda clade.
  • The fungus thrived in a completely aquatic habitat for several years, producing fruiting body-like structures.

Conclusions

  • Xylaria apoda can grow in completely submerged freshwater environments, challenging previous terrestrial habitat assumptions.
  • The study identifies a potential pathway for the introduction of exotic fungi into new regions via the aquarium trade.
  • Xylaria apoda demonstrates significant ecological versatility, adapting to diverse habitats including artificial aquatic systems.

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