Metabolic T-cell phenotypes: from bioenergetics to function

It is well known that T-cell metabolism and function are intimately linked. Metabolic reprogramming is a dynamic process that provides the necessary energy and biosynthetic precursors while actively regulating the immune response of T cells. As such, aberrations and dysfunctions in metabolic (re)programming, resulting in altered metabolic endotypes, may have an impact on disease pathology in various contexts. With the increasing demand for personalized and highly specialized medicine and immunotherapy, understanding metabolic profiles and T-cell subset dependence on specific metabolites will be crucial to harness the therapeutic potential of immunometabolism and T cell bioenergetics. In this review, we dissect metabolic alterations in different T-cell subsets in autoimmune and viral inflammation, T cell and non-T-cell malignancies, highlighting potential anchor points for future treatment and therapeutic exploitation.