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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
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Toxicokinetics: Overview

Studies that assess how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME) at toxic doses are termed toxicokinetics. Understanding toxicokinetics helps predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and manage toxicity in humans.Toxicokinetics differs from pharmacokinetics mainly in the dose levels studied, with toxicokinetics focusing on higher toxic doses. The kinetics at these levels can be non-linear due to altered physiological processes. Toxicodynamics examines the relationship...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation
16:02

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Capturing temporal variation in aquatic ecotoxicological risks: Chemical- versus effect-based assessment.

H Boonstra1, M L de Baat2, F van der Meer3

  • 1Wetterskip Fryslân, 8914, BZ, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098, XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

The Science of the Total Environment
|February 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Effect-based methods combined with passive sampling capture temporal variations in aquatic ecotoxicological risks better than chemical analysis alone. Undetected chemicals largely drive toxicity in agricultural waterways, necessitating advanced analysis for comprehensive risk assessment.

Keywords:
Bioassay batteryEffect-based methodsFungicidesMixture toxicityPassive samplingSeasonal variation

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Assessing ecotoxicological risks of chemical mixtures in aquatic ecosystems requires integrated effect-based and chemical profiling.
  • Temporal and spatial variations in contaminant concentrations pose challenges for accurate risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the capability of combined passive sampling, effect-based, and chemical analysis to capture temporal variations in aquatic ecotoxicological risks.
  • To assess ecotoxicological risks in agricultural waterways using integrated sampling and analysis techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Passive time-integrative sampling using silicone rubber sheets and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) in agricultural waterways over four consecutive six-week periods.
  • Analysis of sampler extracts using 22 in vitro and in vivo bioassays and target analysis of 225 compounds.
  • Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in bioassay responses and chemical concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Fluctuating bioassay responses indicated temporal and spatial variations in toxic pressure across all locations and sampling periods.
  • Fungicides and herbicides were consistently detected but at variable concentrations, indicating persistent yet dynamic chemical pressure.
  • Detected chemicals explained only a small fraction (1-16.9%) of the observed toxicity, suggesting the predominance of undetected contaminants.

Conclusions:

  • Effect-based assessments integrated with passive sampling are superior to traditional chemical analyses for capturing temporal variations in ecotoxicological risks.
  • A significant portion of toxicity in agricultural waterways is attributable to undetected chemicals, highlighting the need for advanced analytical methods.
  • Risk assessments revealed frequent exceedances of effect-based trigger values, underscoring the potential ecotoxicological risks in these environments.