Pulmonary Manifestations in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies: In Pursuit of an Accurate Diagnosis

Pulmonary involvement is common in patients with hematologic malignancies (HMs) and varies depending on the underlying condition, including lymphoproliferative disorders, acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Pulmonary complications are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients, often resulting from the immunosuppressive effects of the disease or its treatment. The clinical manifestations of these complications are nonspecific, and their differential diagnosis is broad, encompassing both infectious and noninfectious causes. A thorough clinical assessment requires consideration of factors such as the patient's history, baseline immune status, treatment regimens, time since the last chemotherapy, and environmental exposures. Radiographic imaging, particularly high-resolution CT, plays a critical role in evaluating these complications, helping clinicians identify distinct patterns of pulmonary involvement. Therefore, a personalized diagnostic approach is essential, and multidisciplinary management is crucial for optimal patient care.