Growth and Growth-Promoting Treatments in Turner Syndrome

Short stature is a common presenting feature and an important concern for families of children with Turner syndrome. In this review, we summarize the data that shaped the updated international consensus guidelines for Turner syndrome published in 2024. The natural history of growth in Turner syndrome, the safety and efficacy of recombinant human growth hormone therapy, and the alternate growth promoting agents under consideration are presented. Timely, adequate growth hormone therapy can counter growth failure in childhood, promote catch-up growth and help many individuals with Turner syndrome attain a near-normal adult height. However, individual responses to growth hormone treatment are highly variable and are influenced by factors such as parental heights, age, baseline height, timing of estrogen initiation and pubertal status. Shared decision making on initiation of treatment, a candid conversation regarding the modest gradual height gain resulting from growth hormone therapy, and individualization of therapeutic goals can facilitate realistic expectations of growth promoting therapy in Turner syndrome.