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Related Concept Videos

General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

General Structure of a Vertebra

A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous column.
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Muscles of the Vertebral Column01:27

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
Superficial Layer:
The superficial layer consists primarily of the splenius muscles, which include the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. These muscles are mainly responsible for the head and cervical spine movements, including extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The splenius capitis...
Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus II01:21

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...
Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique
08:38

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique

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Single Position Lateral Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion at L5/S1.

Martin N Stienen1,2, Kelly Yoo3,4, Ethan Schonfeld4

  • 1Spine Center of Eastern Switzerland, Kantonsspital St.Gallen and St.Gallen Medical School, St.Gallen, Switzerland.

Neurosurgery
|February 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Single position lateral anterior lumbar interbody fusion (SPL-ALIF) offers surgical efficiency for spinal fusion, reducing operative time and blood loss. This technique shows comparable outcomes and safety to traditional supine ALIF, with careful patient selection crucial for success.

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Surgical Approach and Complications of Stand-alone Lateral Trans-Psoas Interbody Fusion
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Surgical Approach and Complications of Stand-alone Lateral Trans-Psoas Interbody Fusion

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Last Updated: Jun 22, 2026

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique
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C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position
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Surgical Approach and Complications of Stand-alone Lateral Trans-Psoas Interbody Fusion
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Surgical Approach and Complications of Stand-alone Lateral Trans-Psoas Interbody Fusion

Published on: February 14, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Spine surgery
  • Minimally invasive techniques
  • Orthopedic surgery

Background:

  • Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) is a standard spinal fusion technique.
  • Traditional supine ALIF requires patient repositioning for combined anterior-posterior approaches, increasing complexity.
  • Multilevel anterior column fusion often necessitates extensive surgical intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review single position lateral anterior lumbar interbody fusion (SPL-ALIF) at the L5-S1 level.
  • To compare the technical considerations and benefits of SPL-ALIF against traditional supine ALIF.
  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of SPL-ALIF in spinal fusion procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of SPL-ALIF technique at L5-S1.
  • Comparative analysis of SPL-ALIF versus traditional supine ALIF.
  • Examination of operative time, blood loss, radiographic outcomes, and complication profiles.

Main Results:

  • SPL-ALIF demonstrated significant reductions in operative time, blood loss, and postoperative ileus.
  • Radiographic outcomes and safety profiles (vascular, abdominal, neurological complications) were equivalent to supine ALIF.
  • Fusion rates and revision rates were comparable between SPL-ALIF and supine ALIF.

Conclusions:

  • SPL-ALIF offers improved surgical efficiency and comparable outcomes to traditional supine ALIF for L5-S1 fusion.
  • Limitations include potential ineffectiveness for direct decompression and challenges with complex anatomy.
  • Careful patient selection is essential to optimize SPL-ALIF outcomes and minimize risks.