Single-Molecule Insight Into α-Synuclein Fibril Structure and Mechanics Modulated by Chemical Compounds

α-Syn fibrils, a key pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease, is closely associated with disease initiation and progression. Several small molecules are found to bind or dissolve α-syn fibrils, offering potential therapeutic applications. Here, an innovative optical tweezers-based, fluorescence-combined approach is developed to probe the mechanical characteristics of α-syn fibrils at the single-molecule level. When subjected to axial stretching, local deformation within α-syn fibrils appeared at forces above 50 pN. These structural alternations occurred stepwise and are irreversible, suggesting unfolding of individual α-syn molecules or subdomains. Additionally, α-syn fibrils exhibits high heterogeneity in lateral disruption, with rupture force ranging from 50 to 500 pN. The impact of different compounds on the structure and mechanical features of α-syn fibrils is further examined. Notably, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) generally attenuates the rupture force of fibrils by wedging into the N-terminal polar groove and induces fibril dissociation. Conversely, copper chlorophyllin A (CCA) attaches to four different sites wrapping around the fibril core, reinforcing the stability of the fibril against rupture forces. The work offers an effective method for characterizing single-fibril properties and bridges compound-induced structural alternations with mechanical response. These insights are valuable for understanding amyloid fibril mechanics and their regulation by small molecules.