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Upper Bound for the Quantum Coupling between Free Electrons and Photons.

¹Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Physics, Staudtstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

Physical Review Letters

|February 14, 2025

Summary

This study establishes an upper limit for quantum coupling between free electrons and photons, crucial for advanced light sources. Practical guidance is provided to achieve near-maximal coupling in photonic materials.

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Area of Science:

Quantum optics
Photonics
Free-electron physics

Background:

The quantum interaction between free electrons and photons is essential for developing free-electron light sources and quantum optics.
Achieving strong coupling between free electrons and photons is a key goal in this field.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the theoretical upper bound for quantum coupling between free electrons and photons.
To provide practical guidelines for maximizing this coupling in optical systems.

Main Methods:

Derivation of an analytical expression for the upper bound of quantum coupling.
Numerical calculations of coupling coefficients for specific configurations.

Main Results:

An upper bound for quantum coupling was derived with a simple expression.
The upper bound is applicable to various optical materials, particularly low-loss photonic materials.
Calculated coupling coefficients achieved approximately 99% of the derived upper bound.

Conclusions:

The derived upper bound offers practical guidance for achieving strong quantum coupling between free electrons and photons.
This work facilitates the design of efficient free-electron-based light sources and quantum optics applications.