Bioactives from marine resources as natural health products: A review

The oceans are a rich source of a myriad of structurally different and unique natural products that are mainly found in invertebrates, with potential applications in different disciplines. Microbial infection and cancer are the leading causes of death worldwide. The discovery of new sources of therapy for microbial infections is an urgent requirement owing to the emergence of pathogenic microorganisms that are resistant to existing therapies. Marine bioactives have been demonstrated to be promising sources for the discovery and development of novel antimicrobial and anticancer compounds. Several marine compounds are confirmed to have antibacterial effects, and most marine-based antifungal compounds are cytotoxic. Numerous antitumor marine natural products, derived mainly from not only sponges or molluscs but also bryozoans and cyanobacteria, exhibit potent antimitotic activity. In addition, marine biodiversity offers some possible leads or new drugs to treat human immunodeficiency virus. A majority of marine-derived drugs are currently in clinical trials or under preclinical evaluation. Furthermore, marine-based drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration are available in the market. This review summarizes the sources, mechanisms of action, and potential utilization of marine natural products such as peptides, alkaloids, polyketides, polyphenols, terpenoids, and sterols as antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer compounds. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Utilization of natural bioactive compounds from marine resources is a crucial advancement in the field of health care and wellness. A valuable source of potent compounds with therapeutic potential exists in marine organisms. These bioactives offer promising medicinal value for disease prevention, promoting overall wellbeing, and advancing pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. Their sustainable extraction and utilization not only benefit human health but also contribute to the conservation of marine ecosystems. This transformative approach enhances global health outcomes and sustainability.