Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

4.6K
The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
4.6K
Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

11.8K
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
11.8K
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

18.9K
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
18.9K
Nucleic Acids02:43

Nucleic Acids

43.3K
Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
43.3K
Nucleic acids02:43

Nucleic acids

158.4K
Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
158.4K
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

5.9K
The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA...
5.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

tRNA-derived fragments elevated in Alzheimer's disease facilitate Tau aggregation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Promoting a Culture of Quality and Safety via Morbidity and Mortality (M&M) Conferences.

American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality·2025
Same author

A hypoxia-responsive tRNA-derived small RNA confers renal protection through RNA autophagy.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025
Same author

G-quadruplex topologies determine the functional outcome of guanine-rich bioactive oligonucleotides.

Nucleic acids research·2025
Same author

G-quadruplex topologies determine the functional outcome of guanine-rich bioactive oligonucleotides.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

HOXDeRNA activates a cancerous transcription program and super enhancers via genome-wide binding.

Molecular cell·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2025

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
11:19

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses

Published on: February 25, 2011

19.8K

tRNA-derived RNAs that form tetramolecular assemblies.

Prakash Kharel1

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.

Methods in Enzymology
|February 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tDRs) can form stable tetramolecular assemblies. These structures, driven by guanine-rich motifs, offer new insights into gene regulation and RNA therapeutics.

Keywords:
G-quadruplexTerminal oligonucleotide motifTetramolecular assemblyTranslation regulationtDRstiRNAs

More Related Videos

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
09:04

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

Published on: September 21, 2017

9.4K
Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
10:59

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Published on: May 13, 2019

9.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2025

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses
11:19

Isolation of Translating Ribosomes Containing Peptidyl-tRNAs for Functional and Structural Analyses

Published on: February 25, 2011

19.8K
Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
09:04

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

Published on: September 21, 2017

9.4K
Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
10:59

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

Published on: May 13, 2019

9.6K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)-derived small RNAs (tDRs) are novel regulatory molecules.
  • tDRs are generated from tRNA cleavage and have diverse functions.
  • A subset of tDRs forms stable tetramolecular assemblies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the formation and function of tetramolecular tDRs.
  • To discuss methods for characterizing G-quadruplex structures in tDRs.
  • To highlight the potential of tDRs in gene regulation and therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical techniques
  • Biophysical techniques
  • Reporter assay-based methods
  • G-quadruplex structure characterization

Main Results:

  • Tetramolecular tDRs exhibit stability and functional diversity.
  • Guanine-rich motifs facilitate tetramer assembly.
  • These assemblies impact translation, stress response, and signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Tetramolecular tDRs represent a complex layer of RNA regulation.
  • Characterizing their G-quadruplex structures is crucial.
  • Understanding tDRs can lead to novel RNA-based therapeutic strategies.