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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Terminology01:20

Anatomical Terminology

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Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe the human body with more precision and no ambiguity. Anatomical terms have mostly Greek and Latin-derived roots. Because these languages are rarely used in conversation, the meaning of words remains the same. Each term is made up of a root in between the prefixes and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition,...
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Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

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Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
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Flow Cytometry01:23

Flow Cytometry

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The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

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Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2025

Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Evolving concepts in head and neck cytology.

Brittany J Holmes1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California.

Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology
|February 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This review covers advances in diagnosing head and neck cancers using fine needle aspiration (FNA). It highlights challenges with p16 testing for squamous cell carcinoma and updates to salivary gland lesion classification.

Keywords:
Ancillary testingFine needle aspiration (FNA)Head and neckHuman papillomavirus (HPV)Milan system for reporting salivary gland cytopathologySalivary cytologyp16

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Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis
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Related Experiment Videos

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Four-color Fluorescence Immunohistochemistry of T-cell Subpopulations in Archival Formalin-fixed, Paraffin-embedded Human Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Samples
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Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization as a Tool for HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis
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Area of Science:

  • Head and Neck Pathology
  • Cytopathology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Head and neck tumors present diagnostic challenges in cytology.
  • Emerging diagnostic entities and tests require adaptation for cytopathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key developments in diagnosing virus-associated squamous cell carcinomas and salivary gland lesions via fine needle aspiration (FNA).
  • To provide insights for cytopathologists managing these challenging cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advancements in cytopathologic diagnosis of head and neck lesions.
  • Analysis of p16 testing performance in FNA specimens for squamous cell carcinoma.
  • Evaluation of updates to the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology.

Main Results:

  • p16 testing performance for FNA squamous cell carcinoma is suboptimal, lacking consensus on cutoffs.
  • HPV-specific assays are recommended as first-line for metastatic nonkeratinizing SCC in FNA.
  • The Milan System's second edition refines malignancy risks for salivary gland categories.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in diagnosing virus-associated squamous cell carcinoma and salivary neoplasia improve cytopathologist's strategic approach.
  • Improved diagnostic accuracy in salivary cytology requires attention to category nuances and pitfalls.
  • Future guidelines will likely emphasize HPV-specific assays for specific head and neck cancers in FNA.