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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Antigen Processing Pathways

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...

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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Visualizing Antigen Specific CD4+ T Cells using MHC Class II Tetramers

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Published on: March 6, 2009

Using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II expression to predict antitumor response to CD4 + lymphocyte

Yanping Wang¹, Minhyung Kim¹, Shengchen Su¹

¹Department of Urology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 8635 W. Third St, 1070, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.

Scientific Reports

|February 14, 2025

Summary

Cancer immunotherapy using CD4+ T cell depletion shows varied results. Tumor MHC II expression dictates whether CD4+ T cell depletion suppresses or enhances tumor growth, impacting patient survival and treatment strategies.

Keywords:

CD4 depletion MHC II Tumor immunology

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Published on: February 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Cancer Research

Background:

Immunotherapy targeting CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) via CD4+ lymphocyte depletion is a developing cancer treatment strategy.
Understanding the efficacy and limitations of CD4 depletion across diverse cancer types is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the efficacy and limitations of CD4 depletion in various syngeneic mouse tumor models.
To explore the relationship between MHC II expression, tumor growth, immune response, and survival.
To validate findings in human cancer data.

Main Methods:

CD4 depletion was examined in B16 melanoma, Renca kidney cancer, and Hepa1-6 hepatocellular carcinoma mouse models.
MHC II expression's role was investigated by manipulating MHC II levels in cancer cell lines.
TCGA dataset analysis was performed to assess clinical relevance.

Main Results:

CD4 depletion suppressed B16 and Renca tumor growth but accelerated Hepa1-6 tumor growth.
Hepa1-6 tumors exhibited high MHC II expression, while B16 and Renca showed low MHC II expression.
TCGA data indicated that high MHC II/low MHC I tumors with increased CD4 levels correlated with improved survival.

Conclusions:

CD4 depletion's effect on tumor growth is contingent on tumor MHC II expression status.
MHC status may determine if intratumor CD4 levels are a more effective early-response marker than CD8.
This highlights the potential for personalized cancer immunotherapy based on MHC expression.