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The Consequences of Budding Speciation on Trees.

Charles Tomomi Parins-Fukuchi1, James G Saulsbury2

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.

Systematic Biology
|February 15, 2025
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Summary

Budding speciation significantly impacts evolutionary trees by creating many sampled ancestors in the fossil record and causing hard polytomies in living clades. This challenges phylogenetic reconstruction for both extinct and extant organisms.

Keywords:
Diversificationfossilspaleobiologyphylogenyspeciation

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Area of Science:

  • Paleobiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Phylogenetics

Background:

  • Understanding speciation modes like budding and bifurcating cladogenesis is crucial for explaining evolutionary patterns.
  • Recent methodological advancements facilitate exploring speciation in the fossil record.
  • The influence of ancestor-descendant relationships, particularly from budding, on phylogenetic tree shape remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the proportion of ancestral nodes expected to be sampled in paleontological phylogenies under various preservational conditions.
  • To assess the impact of budding speciation on the shape of phylogenetic trees for both fossil and extant clades.
  • To quantify the effect of budding on the completeness of the fossil record.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a simulation approach grounded in paleobiological theory.
  • Compared simulation results with empirical estimates of fossil record completeness.
  • Applied the simulation to model the effects of budding on extant clades.

Main Results:

  • Many fossilized marine invertebrate clades likely show over 80% sampled ancestors.
  • Phylogenies with 100% sampled internal nodes are plausible for well-sampled clades under a budding model.
  • Budding speciation leads to extensive hard polytomies, significantly altering the structure of extant clades.

Conclusions:

  • Budding speciation can result in a high proportion of sampled ancestors in fossil phylogenies.
  • Budding profoundly impacts phylogenetic reconstruction by generating multifurcations in extant clades.
  • The effects of budding speciation on phylogenetic trees are substantial and often unrecognized for both living and extinct organisms.