1D TiO₂ photoanodes: a game-changer for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells

Hierarchical architectures encompassing one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures have garnered significant attention in energy and environmental applications due to their unique structural, electronic, and optical properties. These architectures provide high surface area, enhanced charge transport pathways, and improved light-harvesting capabilities, making them versatile candidates for next-generation photovoltaic (PV) systems. Among these, 1D structures, such as nanorods, nanowires, and nanotubes, offer distinct advantages, including anisotropic charge transport, reduced recombination rates, and enhanced light absorption due to their high aspect ratio and directional charge flow. In this focused review article, the pivotal role of one-dimensional titanium dioxide (1-D TiO₂) as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been discussed thoroughly. The distinctive morphology of 1-D TiO₂, including nanotubes or nanorods, provides an expanded surface area, facilitating efficient light absorption and dye adsorption. The inherent one-dimensional architecture promotes accelerated electron transport, minimizing recombination losses and enhancing charge collection efficiency. Additionally, 1-D TiO₂ structures exhibit superior charge carrier mobility, reducing trapping sites and enhancing electron diffusion pathways, thereby improving overall stability and performance. The scalability and cost-effectiveness of synthesizing 1-D TiO₂ nanostructures underscore their potential for large-scale DSSC production. This research emphasizes the significance of 1-D TiO₂ as a promising photoanode material, offering a pathway for advancing the efficiency and viability of dye-sensitized solar cell applications.