Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Literature Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Anemia is a prevalent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with increased mortality and reduced health-related quality of life. The iron-rich protein hemoglobin, which the body utilizes to carry oxygen, deteriorates in anemia. Because hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron, disturbances in iron homeostasis can lead to iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). CKD frequently results in anemia, which is linked to a poor prognosis. Nevertheless, whether anemia per se or other comorbidities are the reason for this connection remains unclear. Uncertainty surrounds whether distinct forms of IDA can forecast CKD outcomes. Physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and registered nurses work as a team to manage anemia in patients with CKD. Individuals with CKD can benefit from the involvement of different specialties along the treatment continuum, and dietitians/nutritionists can play a significant role in enhancing management through multidisciplinary care. This literature review aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of IDA in CKD, concentrating on its diagnosis. It addresses the pathophysiology, complications associated with iron deficiency, and the available diagnostic tests for IDA in CKD. Furthermore, we analyze the literature that has contributed to developing current practice guidelines for treating IDA in CKD and encouraging multidisciplinary team collaboration in managing IDA in CKD.