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Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function

Non-invasive Assessment of Microvascular and Endothelial Function

Published on: January 29, 2013

Interdisciplinary perspectives on diabetes and microcirculatory dysfunction: A global bibliometric analysis.

Yuan Li^1,2, Bing Wang^1,2, Meng-Ting Xu^1,2

¹Institute of Microcirculation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.

World Journal of Diabetes

|February 17, 2025

Summary

Research on diabetes and microcirculation has grown significantly, highlighting inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. This interdisciplinary field is vital for global health, requiring continued research into diabetic microvascular complications.

Keywords:

Bibliometric analysis Diabetes mellitus Diabetic complications Endothelial dysfunction Microcirculatory dysfunction

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Area of Science:

Bibliometrics
Medical Research
Public Health

Background:

Diabetes mellitus is a global health challenge.
Microcirculatory dysfunction is a key complication of diabetes.
Understanding the link is crucial for therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

To map the research landscape of diabetes and microcirculation.
To identify key themes and trends in this interdisciplinary field.

Main Methods:

Bibliometric analysis of 12,886 publications.
Data sourced from PubMed and Web of Science databases.
Examination of research output, leading countries, institutions, and journals.

Main Results:

Significant increase in research output since 2011.
United States, China, and United Kingdom are leading contributors.
Key themes include inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction.

Conclusions:

The field of diabetes and microcirculation research is rapidly evolving.
Multidisciplinary approaches are essential for addressing diabetic microvascular complications.
This research is imperative for improving global health outcomes.