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Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Nuclear Fission02:50

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Nuclear Binding Energy02:13

Nuclear Binding Energy

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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Updated: May 27, 2025

High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
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Rendering the European neutron research landscape.

Evgenii Velichko1, Hartmut Abele2, David J Barlow3

  • 1Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, TU Delft, Delft, Netherlands. evgentudelft@gmail.com.

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|February 17, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neutron science research is growing, showing its importance. Advanced analysis of scientific output reveals an expanding, interdisciplinary community using neutron methods for material science and beyond.

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Area of Science:

  • * Neutron scattering and materials science.
  • * Application of neutrons in diverse scientific disciplines.

Background:

  • * Neutron research infrastructures are vital for studying material structure and dynamics.
  • * Quantifying the impact of the diverse neutron science community is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To quantitatively assess the evolution and research focus of the European neutron science community.
  • * To demonstrate a methodology applicable to other Large Research Infrastructures (LRIs).

Main Methods:

  • * Utilization of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques.
  • * Analysis of scientific output from the European neutron science community.
  • * Employing open-source software toolkits for quantitative assessment.

Main Results:

  • * Consistent growth observed in the neutron research community.
  • * Increasing number of unique authors and publications.
  • * Even distribution of research across diverse scientific topics, indicating interdisciplinarity.

Conclusions:

  • * Neutron methods remain significant in scientific research.
  • * The neutron science community is highly interdisciplinary and collaborative.
  • * The developed methodology can benefit other LRIs for strategic planning and decision-making.