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Naturalistic Observations

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...

Case Studies

Case Studies

There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.

Defining Psychology

Defining Psychology

Psychology is the scientific discipline dedicated to understanding both observable behavior and the internal mental processes underlying such behavior. It aims to comprehend human nature and apply this understanding to solve practical problems, enhance well-being, and improve societal outcomes. An example of psychology's application is the study of prosocial behavior, such as why and under what conditions individuals might help strangers in need. This process involves describing observed...

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...

Deindividuation

Deindividuation

Deindividuation is a form of social influence on an individual’s behavior such that the individual engages in unusual or non-normal behavior while in a group setting. Why? Because in these group settings, the individual no longer sees themselves as an individual anymore, disinhibiting their behavior and personal restraint.

Cause and Effect

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Novel Setup to Conduct Naturalistic Laboratory Experiments with Real Human Actors in Scenarios

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Published on: August 4, 2023

Understanding Unique Phenomena in Real Life.

Marty Lewis-Hunstiger¹

¹School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Creative Nursing

|February 18, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This issue honors nursing pioneer Marie Manthey and explores amplifying seldom-heard voices. It highlights case studies as a method to understand and advocate for marginalized groups using qualitative research.

Keywords:

Case studies N of one Patient-Authored Medical Record transition to practice unique phenomena

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Area of Science:

Nursing
Qualitative Research
Health Advocacy

Background:

Honoring the legacy of nursing pioneer Marie Manthey, founder of "Creative Nursing."
Review of "Creative Nursing" 2024 articles and introduction of the 2025 theme: Amplifying Seldom-Heard Voices and Dismantling Oppressive Structures.
Addressing complex issues and confronting policies that suppress marginalized narratives.

Purpose of the Study:

Highlighting case studies as a methodology for understanding and advocating for seldom-heard voices.
Strengthening scholarly rigor in qualitative research.
Enhancing patient care through the exploration of unique individual experiences.

Main Methods:

Focus on case study methodology.
Application of qualitative research tools.
Analysis of studies presenting experiences of misunderstood and discounted groups.

Main Results:

Demonstration of case studies' value in amplifying marginalized voices.
Identification of methods to enhance scholarly rigor in qualitative research.
Exemplars of coherent presentation of diverse group experiences.

Conclusions:

Case studies are valuable for advocacy and understanding seldom-heard populations.
Qualitative research tools can enhance patient care and scholarly rigor.
The journal "Creative Nursing" continues to address complex issues and support diverse voices.