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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

806
Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
806
Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes01:10

Drug Excretion: Miscellaneous Routes

31
Drug excretion involves various organs, including the liver, intestines, skin, and eyes. In the case of drugs or toxins, they can be actively secreted into bile by transporters in the hepatocyte's canalicular membrane. These substances enter the GI tract during digestion and may be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. This process, known as enterohepatic recycling, can significantly prolong the presence and effects of a substance in the body. To interrupt this cycle, specific...
31
Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

484
Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
484
Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes01:15

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

192
Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more...
192
Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling01:17

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling

927
Enterohepatic cycling involves the active secretion of drugs and their metabolites into the bile via transporters in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. This secretion is an integral part of the digestive process, releasing these substances into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Post-release drugs and metabolites can be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. For conjugated metabolites like glucuronides, reabsorption requires enzymatic hydrolysis by intestinal microflora. This...
927

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Updated: May 27, 2025

Minimal Erythema Dose MED Testing
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[Exanthematic drug eruption].

Mirjana Ziemer1, Elisabeth Livingstone2

  • 1Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsmedizin Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 23, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland. mirjana.ziemer@medizin.uni-leipzig.de.

Pathologie (Heidelberg, Germany)
|February 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medicamentous therapies can cause various mucocutaneous adverse events, including exanthematous drug reactions. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for managing these reactions, especially severe ones like Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).

Keywords:
Acute generalized exanthematic pustulosisDrug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptomsGeneralized bullous fixed drug eruptionLichenoid drug reactionStevens-Johnson syndromeToxic epidermal necrolysis

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology
  • Pathology

Context:

  • Medicamentous therapies can induce diverse mucocutaneous adverse events beyond immediate IgE-mediated reactions.
  • Exanthematous drug eruptions necessitate prompt and accurate diagnosis due to their potential for rapid progression and systemic involvement.

Purpose:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of non-IgE-mediated exanthematous drug reactions.
  • To detail the clinical and histopathological characteristics of significant mucocutaneous drug reactions.

Summary:

  • The review covers common maculopapular drug eruptions and lichenoid reactions.
  • Severe reactions discussed include acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), generalized bullous fixed drug eruption (GBFDE), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS).

Impact:

  • Reliable diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment of cutaneous drug reactions.
  • Permanent drug discontinuation is critical for managing severe, life-threatening reactions like SJS and TEN.