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Updated: May 27, 2025

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Artificial intelligence in insanity evaluation. Potential opportunities and current challenges.

Cristina Scarpazza1, Andrea Zangrossi2

  • 1Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS S.Camillo Hospital, Venezia, Italy.

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|February 18, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forensic insanity evaluations are difficult and prone to errors. Artificial intelligence (AI) could improve reliability in assessing criminal responsibility, but challenges like data, accuracy, and ethics must be addressed first.

Keywords:
Artificial intelligenceForensic sciencesInsanity defenseInsanity evaluationInter-rater reliability

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Psychology
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Legal Medicine

Background:

  • Determining criminal responsibility via insanity evaluations is complex and subjective.
  • Forensic psychopathological decisions on insanity suffer from cognitive biases and low inter-rater reliability.
  • Artificial intelligence (AI) offers potential for enhancing objectivity in insanity assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the applications of AI in forensic insanity evaluations.
  • To identify challenges and limitations hindering AI implementation in this domain.
  • To discuss the ethical considerations surrounding AI in legal decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current AI capabilities in psychopathological assessment.
  • Analysis of supervised learning algorithms in the context of insanity evaluation.
  • Discussion of data requirements, accuracy metrics, and ethical frameworks for AI.

Main Results:

  • Current AI applications are limited to supervised algorithms without established ground truth or optimal training data.
  • Benchmarks for AI accuracy required for legal determination of partial or total insanity are undefined.
  • Significant ethical concerns regarding AI in legal contexts remain unaddressed.

Conclusions:

  • AI holds promise for improving the objectivity of insanity evaluations.
  • Key challenges including data validation, accuracy standards, and ethical guidelines must be resolved.
  • Further research is crucial before AI can be reliably integrated into criminal trials for insanity assessments.