Rh and Kell Blood Group Antigen Frequencies in Saudi Arabia: a Review

Effective blood transfusion services rely heavily on comprehending the distribution of blood antigens among populations. Saudi Arabia's unique genetic and evolutionary influences require thorough comprehension of these antigen frequencies as they are crucial for patient care. This systematic analysis aimed to explore the frequencies of Rh and Kell blood group antigens across various regions of Saudi Arabia.

An exhaustive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, focusing on studies from 2019 through 2024 that report Rh and Kell blood antigen frequencies within the Saudi population.

Analysis of seven selected studies provided data from locales including Samtah, Jazan, Hail, Riyadh, the Eastern region, Taif City, and Najran. The DCcee (R1r) Rh phenotype was the most prevalent throughout these regions. However, the frequencies of individual Rh (D, C, E, c, e) and Kell (K) antigens demonstrated regional variability. Notably, the K antigen was found to be less common in Jazan compared to other regions. The observed variations in antigen frequencies suggest that factors beyond geography may influence the distribution of Rh and Kell blood groups. Comprehending these findings is critical for enhancing blood transfusion services, including refining donor recruitment strategies, managing blood inventory, and developing personalized transfusion protocols. Additionally, understanding similarities and variations is essential for managing pregnancies affected by Rh incompatibility and improving care for patients with conditions like sickle cell disease that require frequent transfusions. Further investigation is needed to explore the underlying causes of regional similarities or variations.

Further studies are necessary to investigate the genetic and environmental factors influencing the regional similarity and differences in blood group antigen frequencies. Expanding the scope of data collection throughout Saudi Arabia is also imperative to provide a comprehensive understanding that supports optimal transfusion practices and enhanced healthcare outcomes.