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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

3.5K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2025

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Thyroid differentiation profile for differentiated thyroid cancer.

Anthony J McGoron1, Jose M Garcia2, Burulça Uluvar3

  • 1Florida International University, College of Engineering and Computing, Miami, Florida, USA.

Endocrine Oncology (Bristol, England)
|February 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy effectiveness in differentiated thyroid cancer is linked to iodine uptake. This study found a significant downregulation of RAI-related genes, especially in BRAF-mutated cancers, impacting treatment planning.

Keywords:
BRAFERKMAPK pathwayRAI refractoryRASTKIdifferentiated thyroid cancerpapillary thyroid cancerradioactive iodineredifferentiationthyroid cancerthyroid differentiation scorethyrosine kinase

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment is a cornerstone for differentiated thyroid cancers.
  • Therapeutic success relies on the tumor's ability to concentrate iodine, a function of specific gene expression.
  • Thyroid differentiation score (TDS) quantifies differentiation-related proteins, linked to RAI-refractoriness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate mRNA expression of thyroid metabolomics-specific genes in paired normal and neoplastic thyroid tissue.
  • To compare gene expression patterns between normal thyroid tissue and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).
  • To investigate the impact of specific mutations (BRAF, RAS) on RAI-related gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 59 papillary thyroid cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) with matched tumor-normal tissue.
  • Assessment of mRNA expression of thyroid metabolomics-specific genes.
  • Categorization of samples based on BRAF V600E, RAS, or other mutations.

Main Results:

  • Significant downregulation of the RAI theranostic transcriptome observed in PTC compared to normal tissue.
  • Downregulation was more pronounced in BRAF-initiated cancers than in RAS-initiated cancers.
  • Heterogeneity in gene expression within mutational categories suggests individual assessment of thyroid differentiation profile (TDP) is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid differentiation profile (TDP) assessment is clinically relevant for planning RAI treatment.
  • Development of a theranostic TDS could aid clinical decision-making for thyroidectomy extent and postoperative RAI therapy.
  • Understanding gene expression patterns can optimize RAI treatment strategies for differentiated thyroid cancers.