Taurine and Berberine: Nutritional Interventions Targeting Cellular Mechanisms of Aging and Longevity

Aging is a multifaceted biological process characterized by progressive physiological decline and increased susceptibility to diseases. Central to this process are molecular and cellular changes that contribute to hallmark features of aging, including mitochondrial dysfunction, genomic instability, telomere attrition, and cellular senescence. Emerging research highlights the role of nutrient deficiencies in accelerating aging, bringing dietary supplements such as taurine and berberine into focus. Taurine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, plays a critical role in cellular protection, osmoregulation, and antioxidant defense, with evidence linking its deficiency to cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, and stem cell exhaustion. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, exerts antiaging effects by modulating key signaling pathways, including adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin and sirtuin 1, and promoting mitohormesis. This review explores the mechanisms by which taurine and berberine mitigate aging processes, highlighting their effects on cellular metabolism, stress response, and longevity. Animal studies demonstrate their potential to enhance health span and lifespan although human clinical trials remain limited. Future research should focus on elucidating their molecular pathways, evaluating their combined effects with other interventions such as caloric restriction, and optimizing dosage for clinical applications. Taurine and berberine represent promising therapeutic candidates for addressing fundamental aspects of aging and advancing strategies for healthy aging and lifespan extension.