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Related Concept Videos

Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and...
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Language and Cognition01:27

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2025

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing
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The negativity bias is encoded in language.

Alexander Kilpatrick1

  • 1International Communication, Nagoya University of Commerce and Business, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0193, Japanalexander_kilpatrick@nucba.ac.jp.

JASA Express Letters
|February 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Negative words contain more linguistic information, enhancing memory recall. Higher information content in words, especially negative ones, correlates with improved memory recognition performance.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Information Theory

Background:

  • Emotional valence influences cognitive processes.
  • Linguistic features, such as phonemic structure, can impact memory.
  • Shannon's information quantifies predictability in sequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the link between emotional word valence, phonemic surprisal, and memory performance.
  • To determine if negative words possess greater information content than neutral or positive words.
  • To assess the association between information content and memory recognition accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of emotional valence and phonemic bigram surprisal in American English words.
  • Utilizing an existing memory recognition experiment.

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  • Measuring hit rates and d' scores as indicators of memory performance.

    • Main Results:

    • Negative words exhibit higher Shannon's information (phonemic surprisal) compared to neutral or positive words.
    • Increased phonemic information within words is linked to enhanced memory performance.
    • Negative words with high surprisal significantly increased hit rates and d' scores in memory recognition.

    Conclusions:

    • Emotional valence and linguistic information interact to influence memory.
    • Higher information content, particularly in negative words, improves memory recognition.
    • Findings contribute to understanding language structure's role in cognition and memory.