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Mapping women's work in India: An application of small area estimation
Swati Srivastava1, Kaushalendra Kumar2,3, Lotus McDougal4
1GENDER Project, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Plos One
|February 19, 2025
Summary
Women's work participation in India shows significant district-level variation, with lower rates in central, eastern, and northern regions. These findings highlight the need for targeted policies to boost women's paid work opportunities across India.
Area of Science:
- Socioeconomics
- Demography
- Gender Studies
Background:
- Understanding district-level variations in women's work participation is crucial for addressing long-term stagnation in female labor force engagement.
- Existing data limitations at sub-state levels hinder the identification of specific trends and patterns in women's employment.
- Analyzing spatial clustering of women's work can provide valuable insights into regional disparities.
Purpose of the Study:
- To generate reliable district-level estimates of women's work in India using linked survey and census data.
- To examine the spatial distribution and clustering of women's work across 640 districts.
- To analyze variations in women's work through three key indicators: overall work participation, self-employment, and cash earnings.
Main Methods:
- Linking data from the 2019-21 Indian National Family Health Survey (NFHS) and the 2011 Indian Population and Housing Census.
- Generating model-based estimates for district-level women's work indicators.
- Employing spatial analysis techniques to examine the clustering of women's work patterns.
Main Results:
- Model-based estimates confirm robust and reliable district-level data on women's work in India.
- Women's work participation and cash earnings were lowest in central, eastern, and northern districts, contrasting with higher rates in the southern region.
- Self-employment rates for women were generally low nationwide, with notable exceptions in Himachal Pradesh and the northeastern region.
Conclusions:
- Significant spatial heterogeneity exists in women's work across India's 640 districts.
- District-level estimates reveal substantial variations in women's work, self-employment, and cash earnings, indicating the inadequacy of state-level data alone.
- Findings support the development of targeted policies to enhance women's paid work opportunities and address regional disparities in labor force participation.
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