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Related Concept Videos

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
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Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.
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There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
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Rift-inversion orogens are potential hot spots for natural H2 generation.

Frank Zwaan1,2, Sascha Brune1,3, Anne C Glerum1

  • 1GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany.

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|February 19, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Natural hydrogen gas (H2) can be generated through serpentinization. Rift-inversion orogens offer superior conditions for H2 production and accumulation compared to rifts, potentially yielding 20 times more H2.

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Area of Science:

  • Geology
  • Geodynamics
  • Clean Energy

Background:

  • Naturally occurring hydrogen gas (H2) is a potential clean energy source.
  • Serpentinization of exhumed mantle material is a key mechanism for natural H2 generation.
  • Existing knowledge primarily links H2 generation to rifted margins and spreading ridges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate serpentinization-related H2 generation during rifting and rift-inversion orogen development.
  • To compare H2 generation potential in rift-inversion orogens versus rift settings.
  • To assess the suitability of rift-inversion orogens for economic H2 accumulation.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical geodynamic modeling was employed.
  • The models simulated serpentinization processes during tectonic events.
  • H2 generation capacity and reservoir/seal availability were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Rift-inversion orogens provide significantly better conditions for serpentinization and H2 generation than rift environments.
  • Yearly H2 generation capacity in overriding mantle wedges during rift inversion can be up to 20 times greater than during rifting.
  • Rift-inversion orogens possess readily available reservoirs and seals crucial for economic H2 accumulation, unlike typical rift settings.

Conclusions:

  • Rift-inversion orogens are highly prospective for natural H2 exploration.
  • The findings provide a strong rationale for exploring these geological settings for clean energy resources.
  • Observed natural H2 occurrences in the Balkans and Pyrenees support these conclusions.