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Related Concept Videos

Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

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When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...
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Viscosity of Fluid01:19

Viscosity of Fluid

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Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes01:23

Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

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Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is...
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Stokes' Law01:20

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Viscous forces, like friction, are intermolecular forces that resist the relative motion of molecules over each other. When a solid body moves through a liquid, viscous forces drag it in the opposite direction. The force's magnitude depends on the solid's shape and size, as well as its speed and the liquid's coefficient of viscosity, density and temperature.
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid

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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
The speed of sound in fluids can be derived by considering a mechanical wave...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2025

Building Langmuir Probes and Emissive Probes for Plasma Potential Measurements in Low Pressure, Low Temperature Plasmas
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Intrinsic bulk viscosity of the one-component plasma.

Jarett LeVan1, Scott D Baalrud1

  • 1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, Michigan 48109, USA.

Physical Review. E
|February 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

The bulk viscosity of a one-component plasma (OCP) peaks at strong coupling (Γ≈1). Electron screening in the Yukawa OCP reduces bulk viscosity, which is significantly lower than shear viscosity.

Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Understanding plasma properties is crucial for astrophysics and fusion energy.
  • Bulk viscosity in plasmas is less understood than shear viscosity.
  • Previous studies often focused on specific coupling regimes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compute and analyze the intrinsic bulk viscosity of the one-component plasma (OCP).
  • To investigate the impact of electron screening on bulk viscosity using the Yukawa OCP (YOCP).
  • To develop a comprehensive model for bulk viscosity across various coupling strengths.

Main Methods:

  • Equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations.
  • Green-Kubo formalism for transport coefficients.

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  • Analysis of the Yukawa one-component plasma (YOCP) model.

    • Main Results:

    • Bulk viscosity exhibits a maximum at Γ≈1 (strong coupling).
    • Electron screening in YOCP reduces bulk viscosity.
    • Bulk viscosity is at least an order of magnitude smaller than shear viscosity.
    • Frequency-dependent bulk viscosity peaks near twice the plasma frequency in strongly coupled conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • A model capturing bulk viscosity from weak to strong coupling (Γ≈10⁻²–10²) was developed.
    • Electron screening significantly impacts plasma bulk viscosity.
    • Bulk viscosity plays a distinct role compared to shear viscosity in plasma dynamics.