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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Muscle Contraction01:15

Muscle Contraction

Muscle Contraction01:10

Muscle Contraction

In skeletal muscles, acetylcholine is released by nerve terminals at the motor endplate—the point of synaptic communication between motor neurons and muscle fibers. The binding of acetylcholine to its receptors on the sarcolemma allows entry of sodium ions into the cell and triggers an action potential in the muscle cell. Thus, electrical signals from the brain are transmitted to the muscle. Subsequently, the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to prevent excessive muscle...
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...

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Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents
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Motor evoked potentials as a side effect biomarker for deep brain stimulation programming.

Paola Testini, Austin Wang, Eric Cole

    Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences
    |February 20, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    Motor evoked potentials (mEP) measured by EMG can predict side effects during deep brain stimulation (DBS) programming. These potentials offer a biomarker for corticobulbar and corticospinal tract activation, aiding in safer DBS therapy.

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    Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Clinical Neurology

    Background:

    • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a therapeutic option for movement disorders.
    • Programming DBS requires careful management to avoid motor side effects.
    • Identifying biomarkers for tract activation is crucial for optimizing DBS therapy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate motor evoked potentials (mEP) as a biomarker for corticobulbar (CBT) and corticospinal (CST) tract activation during DBS.
    • To compare mEP thresholds with clinical motor side effect thresholds in Parkinson's disease patients undergoing DBS.

    Main Methods:

    • 12 patients with Parkinson's disease and subthalamic/pallidal DBS were studied.
    • Electromyography (EMG) recorded mEP from cranial and arm muscles.
    • Clinical side effect thresholds were compared with mEP thresholds.

    Main Results:

    • mEP amplitudes increased with stimulation intensity; cranial muscles were more responsive.
    • A significant correlation was found between clinical and mEP thresholds (R²=0.31, p=0.0006).
    • mEP predicted side effects with 72% accuracy, indicating potential subclinical tract activation.

    Conclusions:

    • EMG-recorded mEP correlate well with clinical side effects in DBS.
    • mEP can serve as an objective biomarker for detecting motor side effect thresholds during DBS programming.
    • This method aids in optimizing DBS parameters and minimizing adverse effects.