Cytokine mRNA Delivery and Local Immunomodulation in the Placenta using Lipid Nanoparticles

During pregnancy, the maternal immune system adapts to balance tolerance of the semi-allogenic fetus while protecting the fetus from pathogens. Dysregulated immune activity at the maternal-fetal interface contributes to pregnancy complications, such as recurrent pregnancy loss and preeclampsia. Compared to healthy placentas, preeclamptic placentas exhibit increased pro-inflammatory signaling, including a predominance of inflammatory macrophages, leading to impaired tissue remodeling and restricted blood flow. However, the precise mechanisms driving this immune imbalance remain poorly understood, in part due to the lack of tools to probe individual pathways. Here, we use lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver cytokine-encoded mRNA to placental cells, called trophoblasts, enabling local immunomodulation. LNP-mediated delivery of IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA induced cytokine secretion by trophoblasts, leading to polarization of primary human monocytes toward anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Notably, lowering the mRNA dose increased expression of alternatively-activated macrophage markers, revealing an inverse relationship between dose and polarization status. Intravenous injection of LNPs in pregnant mice achieved placental secretion of IL-4 and IL-13 with minimal changes to pro-inflammatory cytokines in the serum. These findings establish LNPs as a tool for local immunomodulation in the placenta, offering a strategy to study and treat immune dysfunction in pregnancy and in other inflammatory conditions.